Understanding the world · Environment & the future

Why are climate treaties so hard to enforce?

States sign, applaud, then withdraw: no court can force a country to keep its climate promise.

From Kyoto to Paris4 min read5 partsQuiz of 8 questions
Read in the app Available in 30 languages
Demokraatti · Kasvihuonekaasua · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Part 1 of 5 · freeIntroduction

In the summer of 2022, extreme heat killed some 38,000 people in Europe. Unless emissions of greenhouse gases fall, the continent could see more than 120,000 deaths a year by 2050. In less than twenty-five years, rising seas could flood coastlines around the world every year and displace hundreds of millions of people, on top of failed harvests and illnesses linked to wildfire smoke and polluted water.

One might expect deaths by the thousands, lost homes and shortages of food and water to push governments to cooperate. Yet some of the world's biggest emitters refuse to sign global climate deals. Others withdraw from them, or fall far short of the emissions cuts needed to slow global warming.

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  1. 2Kyoto, 1997: the price of cooperation
  2. 3Paris, 2015: promises without penalties
  3. 4The weight of domestic politics
  4. 5Cooperating in a world of rivals
Open-book quiz8 questions whose answers are in the text.
Glossary6 terms explained in a tap.
30 languagesThe same course, from French to Japanese.