Slavery had been part of the United States since the country was born. Little by little, economic development and new moral convictions wore it down: by the mid-19th century, most Northern states had abolished it. The Southern states, however, still depended on slave labor. In 1861, they left the Union to preserve it: the American Civil War had begun.
Union troops fought to regain control of the South and end slavery for good. After their victory, it was officially abolished by an amendment to the Constitution. But the text contained one exception, a single one, that would allow slavery to continue under another name, long after everyone believed it was gone.
- 2The Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation
- 3The Thirteenth Amendment and its exception
- 4Slavery by another name
- 5From the Black Codes to today's prisons





