History · The Cold War & today's world

How did Mandela and de Klerk end apartheid?

A system of total segregation, and then a way out without civil war.

1948-19943 min read5 partsQuiz of 9 questions
Read in the app Available in 30 languages
Blossom Index · President Nelson Mandela and The Hon. Donald Card · CC0 · Wikimedia Commons
Part 1 of 5 · freeIntroduction

In 1948, just as the world was starting to condemn state racism, South Africa took the opposite road. For 46 years it organized total segregation by law: apartheid.

That regime collapsed in the early 1990s without sliding into civil war. At the center of the turn stood Nelson Mandela, a lawyer turned resistance leader, freed after 27 years behind bars.

The rest is in the Sophia app.The remaining parts, the open-book quiz and the full glossary. Free to start; Premium unlocks everything.
  1. 2How segregation became the law
  2. 3From non-violence to armed resistance
  3. 4Negotiating the end of apartheid
  4. 5Reconciling without forgetting
Open-book quiz9 questions whose answers are in the text.
Glossary16 terms explained in a tap.
30 languagesThe same course, from French to Japanese.

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